雅思閱讀關(guān)鍵詞等級劃分

　　在雅思考試的四個科目中，閱讀是技巧性較強的一個單項，要求考生在有限的時間內(nèi)將答題正確率發(fā)揮到“最大值”。換言之，時間的控制和分配是廣大考生在閱讀環(huán)節(jié)中需要面臨的一項挑戰(zhàn)。關(guān)于如何高效地完成雅思閱讀考試，可以說是“眾說紛紜”;但唯獨不變的一項技能便是---關(guān)鍵詞定位。畢竟，時間是考生們最大的“敵人”，因此準(zhǔn)確劃分關(guān)鍵詞則會有助于考生們從容應(yīng)對閱讀考試，并在這場“與時間賽跑”的過程中如虎添翼。我們將詳細(xì)說明關(guān)鍵詞的等級劃分，以及它們所起到的不同作用。

　　首先，需要向大家明確Key Words(關(guān)鍵詞)可分為：定位詞和考點詞。

　　一、定位詞(大方向)

　　此類關(guān)鍵詞通常不容易被替換，俗稱“簡單粗暴”詞;便于考生們在答題時形成位置感，避免因迷失方向而緊張或耗時。但需要注意，定位詞的作用只是定位，而非解題。

　　1. 人名/職位/大寫縮寫

　　在雅思閱讀文章中這類定位詞是最顯而易見的，且?guī)缀醪粫惶鎿Q;考生們可以輕松地在文中定位到大致位置，提升信心。請看以下三題：C9T1P1

　　1. Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin's ability as a student of chemistry.

　　2. Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.

　　3. Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.

　　通過題干內(nèi)容，我們可以清晰看到有許多可以定位的“資源”，涵蓋了人名、大寫和職業(yè)。這三題中都出現(xiàn)了Perkin(即文章主題詞)，因此可以忽略;另外，第一題和第二題都出現(xiàn)了人名Michael Faraday，因此第二題中的此人名不必劃出。第三題中出現(xiàn)了新的人名August Wilhelm Hofmann，則務(wù)必劃出。參考文章：

　　Paragraph 2

　　As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

　　Paragraph 3

　　At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. 因此，通過定位我們可以將前兩題的位置劃分在第二段，而第三題的位置確定在第三段。

　　2. 數(shù)字(時間/金額/百分比)

　　阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字是另一種易于在文中“捕捉”到的信息，因為它們的表現(xiàn)形式不同于英語單詞，所以考生們會覺得更有“親和力”。請看以下三題：C7T4P2

　　18. More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.

　　19. Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.

　　20. During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.

　　這三題中出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，可以便于考生們確定每題所在位置，了解各題信息分布情況。參考文章：

　　Paragraph 3

　　......During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million.

　　Paragraph 4

　　Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area...... Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvest were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

　　根據(jù)這些數(shù)字來定位，我們可以明確18題在第三段結(jié)尾;19題在第四段開頭;20題在第四段結(jié)尾。但是，需要注意某些另類的數(shù)字和單詞的變化，比如25%或50%(quarter/half)、in 2000(at the beginning of the 21st century)、10 years(a decade)等。請看以下題目：C10T1P2

　　26. By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.

　　參考文章：

　　Paragraph E

　　......According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990......

　　本題需要我們對比兩個十年末(1990和2020)的二氧化碳排放量。考生務(wù)必要注意，10年(decade)是雅思閱讀考試中的一個高頻考點。

　　3. 名詞(總稱VS分類)

　　此類定位詞被稱作“藏龍臥虎”，也就是說它們在文中非常善于“偽裝”自己。通常題目中若沒有數(shù)字、人名或大寫時，我們往往會將普通名詞作為“替補隊員”去文中找位置，因為相比形容詞或動詞，名詞被替換的概率較低;然而，考生們要謹(jǐn)防名詞在總稱與分類上的相互替換。請看以下題目：C10T4P1

　　10. California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.

　　此判斷題中，tool(工具)是一個總稱，考生們會利用這個詞到文中定位;然而，文中并沒有這個原詞存在。參考文章：

　　Paragraph 8

　　State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled......

　　通過文章內(nèi)容不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，題目中tool被轉(zhuǎn)換成了其分類形式：engines(引擎), planes(飛機)和helicopters(直升機)。

　　讓我們再看一個例子：C11T1P1

　　4. The consumption of ...................... would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.

　　此填空題中出現(xiàn)了唯一能作為定位詞的名詞詞組agricultural vehicles(務(wù)農(nóng)工具)，但文中卻并沒有原詞，這會讓考生感到迷茫，甚至影響到后面題目的定位。參考文章：

　　Paragraph 4

　　......It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

　　第四段最后一句話其實出現(xiàn)了agricultural vehicles的分類舉例：tractors(拖拉機), ploughs (犁)和 shipping(船舶)，考生們對這些分類名詞可能會陌生，從而忽略其在文中的位置，所以建議大家在備考階段多積累歸納名詞在總稱與分類方面的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　如果還有什么疑問，可以閱讀原文在線咨詢我們的老師。